String storage is one of those frustrating things in the C language. Specifically, it’s that null character, \0, that appears at the end of every string. Is that character counted when you input a string? Copy a string? Create storage for a string? It’s a mystery that could drive you nuts.
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When I first learned the C language, I was surprised to find something missing from its assortment of operators. The +, -, *, and / operators are pretty common for nearly all programming languages. And you’ll find the % and ! operators used for modulus and logical NOT in a few programming languages. Yet what other languages have that C lacks is an exponent or power operator.
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The common way for humans to describe a file is to use its name. You refer to hello.txt as a file. The fopen() function C uses this nomenclature, which is handy and convenient. While a program runs, however, a file number is assigned to an open file.
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When I code a program, I start out by slapping together the various elements. I setup the variables, I write some quick routines, and I add comments to the tune of /* Do something here*/. With those bricks in place, I go back and fill in the mortar to make it all work. If the code runs, great! That rarely happens, so more work is involved.
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Plenty of interesting and fun programming puzzles are available to test your skills. Some of these puzzles come from the realm of mathematics or logic. What those propellerheads do with the solutions is up to them, but often you can code such problems to help you learn more about programming. One such logic problem is called 100 Doors.
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Some C coders really go nuts with macros. I’m not a big fan of those people.
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When you desire to do something specific in your program, or have a chunk of code that’s duplicated elsewhere, you craft a function. That’s the traditional, problem-solving approach, and the C language is full of functions. Yet sometimes, programmers build macros instead of functions.
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Writing a chunk of bits into an integer at a specific position requires major application of binary manipulation. That sounds impressive and mystical. To put it another way, writing a bit field is like using a stencil to paint a wall: You create the stencil, set it in place, then you slap down the paint.
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The same programming kung fu used to read a single bit also applies to wide bit fields. The process involves masking and shifting: You must know the bit field’s width and position in an integer value. Once those values are obtained — no matter how wide the bit field — a single function handles the job.
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An on-off bit field is pretty common; you’ll find them all over. Also common are wide bit fields, which can hold values greater than one or zero. These wide bit fields are often mixed with single-bit fields making for a wonderful stew of binary data all held within a single integer value.
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